Hybrid model predictive control of damping multi-mode switching damper for vehicle suspensions

This paper investigates the design and verification of a hybrid model predictive controller of a damping multi-mode switching damper for application in vehicle suspensions. Since the damping mode switches induce different modes of operation, the vehicle suspension system including this damper poses challenging hybrid control problem. To solve this problem, a novel approach to the modelling and controller design problem is proposed based on hybrid modelling and model predictive control techniques. The vehicle suspension system with the damping multi-mode switching damper is formulated as a mixed logical dynamical model comprising continuous and discrete system inputs. Based on this model, a constrained optimal control problem is solved to manage the switching sequences of the damping mode with respect to the suspension performance requirements. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology finally

The Production of Oxalate by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> under Different Lead Concentrations

In this study, using a typical acid-producing fungi, Aspergillus niger (A. niger, CGMCC 23272), we investigated the capacity of organic acid production under different lead (Pb) concentrations. A. niger has a high Pb tolerance, which can maintain the growth of hypha at 1500 mg/L Pb concentration. Oxalic acid is the primary organic acid produced by A. niger. A. niger was shown to maintain the ability to produce oxalic acid under different Pb concentrations, which ranged from 522.8 to 1130.5 mg/L. The formed lead oxalate also confirmed the production of oxalic acid by A. niger. Meanwhile, the formation of lead oxalate minerals dominated the resistance of Pb toxicity by A. niger. More than 95% of Pb cations were removed by A. niger under different Pb concentrations. The high Pb toxicity (1500 mg/L) could stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, which increased from 0.05 to 0.13 nmol/min/g after three days of incubation. The low Pb toxicity (500 and 1000 mg/L) could improve the production of oxalic acid by A. niger. This indicates that the metabolism of organic acid by A. niger can be improved by a high Pb concentration via the tricarboxylic acid cycle

Growth of SnO2 Nanoflowers on N-doped Carbon Nanofibers as Anode for Li- and Na-ion Batteries

Abstract It is urgent to solve the problems of the dramatic volume expansion and pulverization of SnO2 anodes during cycling process in battery systems. To address this issue, we design a hybrid structure of N-doped carbon fibers@SnO2 nanoflowers (NC@SnO2) to overcome it in this work. The hybrid NC@SnO2 is synthesized through the hydrothermal growth of SnO2 nanoflowers on the surface of N-doped carbon fibers obtained by electrospinning. The NC is introduced not only to provide a support framework in guiding the growth of the SnO2 nanoflowers and prevent the flower-like structures from agglomeration, but also serve as a conductive network to accelerate electronic transmission along one-dimensional structure effectively. When the hybrid NC@SnO2 was served as anode, it exhibits a high discharge capacity of 750 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 100 cycles in Li-ion battery and 270 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 for 100 cycles in Na-ion battery, respectively

Research on Active Collision Avoidance and Hysteresis Reduction of Intelligent Vehicle Based on Multi-Agent Coordinated Control System

This paper provides a multi-agent coordinated control system to improve the real-time performance of intelligent vehicle active collision avoidance. At first, the functions and characteristics of longitudinal and lateral collision avoidance agents are analyzed, which are the main components of the multi-agent. Then, a coordinated solution mechanism of an intelligent vehicle collision avoidance system is established based on hierarchical control and blackboard model methods to provide a reasonable way to avoid collision in complex situations. The multi-agent coordinated control system can handle the conflict between the decisions of different agents according to the rules. Comparing with existing control strategies, the proposed system can realize multi decisions and planning at the same time; thus, it will reduce the operation time lag during active collision avoidance. Additionally, fuzzy sliding mode control theory is introduced to guarantee accurate path tracking in lateral collision avoidance. Finally, co-simulation of Carsim and Simulink are taken, and the results show that the real-time behavior of intelligent vehicle collision avoidance can be improved by 25% through the system proposed